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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Exploiting Live Imaging to Track Nuclei During Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion
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Myoblast Choreographic Alignment.

Yucheng Huo1, Hongmei Xu1, Yukai Zhao1

  • 1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Republic of Singapore.

ACS Nano
|October 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

C2C12 myoblasts align due to anisotropic adhesion properties, not weak cell-cell adhesion. Substrate stiffness also influences this alignment, impacting muscle regeneration and tissue engineering.

Keywords:
adherens junctionscell morphogenesiscorrelation lengthextracellular interactionssoft matter

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Cell alignment is vital for muscle regeneration and tissue engineering.
  • Mechanisms governing cell alignment are not fully understood.
  • C2C12 myoblasts are key cells for muscle regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the collective motion and alignment of C2C12 myoblasts.
  • To explore the role of cell density and substrate stiffness in cell alignment.
  • To elucidate the molecular basis of C2C12 cell adhesion and alignment.

Main Methods:

  • Studied C2C12 myoblast behavior across varying cell densities and substrate stiffness.
  • Analyzed cell-cell adhesion properties using nanoscale focal adherens junctions (FAJs) and linear adherens junctions (LAJs).
  • Observed cell alignment dynamics and multinucleated myotube formation.

Main Results:

  • C2C12 cells exhibit anisotropic adhesion: strong longitudinal (FAJs) and weak lateral (LAJs) connections.
  • These adhesion differences drive spontaneous cell alignment, even past confluence.
  • Softer substrates decrease C2C12 cell alignment.
  • Alignment contributes to multinucleated myotube formation.

Conclusions:

  • C2C12 cell alignment is governed by anisotropic adhesion, challenging previous notions of weak cell-cell adhesion.
  • Extracellular environment, particularly substrate stiffness, modulates cell alignment.
  • Findings enhance understanding of contractile cell behavior for muscle regeneration and tissue engineering applications.