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Weak Acid Solutions

Weak Acid Solutions

Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...

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Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

Flux Synthesis of Lattice-Engineered Rutile Solid Solutions for Acidic Oxygen Evolution.

Fan Wang^1,2, Weitian Wang³, Tao Wang⁴

¹Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|October 8, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed nitrogen-doped titanium-ruthenium oxides (M-TiRu4) for efficient acidic oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in water electrolysis. This new catalyst shows enhanced stability and activity, advancing proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) technologies.

Keywords:

Acidic oxygen evolution reaction Lattice engineering Molten salt synthesis Nitrogen doping Solid solution

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Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

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Published on: October 27, 2018

Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

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Published on: July 1, 2013

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

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Published on: May 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) requires efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
Current catalysts often face challenges in performance and durability under acidic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel nitrogen-doped Ti-Ru rutile-type solid-solution oxides (M-TiRu4) for acidic OER.
To investigate the impact of nitrogen doping and solid-solution formation on catalytic activity and stability.
To evaluate the performance of the developed catalyst in PEMWE devices.

Main Methods:

Flux synthesis using molten NaNO3 to create nitrogen-doped Ti-Ru solid solutions.
Characterization of material properties, including electronic conductivity and lattice structure.
Electrochemical testing of the catalyst for acidic OER performance (overpotential, durability).
Device-level testing in a PEMWE setup.

Main Results:

The M-TiRu4 catalyst achieved a low overpotential of 194 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² for acidic OER.
Demonstrated superior durability over 600 hours with high Ru mass activity (7.8x commercial RuO2).
Enabled stable PEMWE operation at 2 A cm⁻² and maintained performance at 500 mA cm⁻² for 200 hours.

Conclusions:

Nitrogen incorporation and solid-solution formation effectively enhance electronic conductivity and catalytic activity.
The developed M-TiRu4 catalyst offers a promising solution for high-performance and durable acidic OER.
This approach provides a pathway for advancing next-generation water-splitting technologies.