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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment
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Environmental Enrichment: An Underestimated Factor Associated With Depression.

Ana Fresán1, Mónica Flores-Ramos1, Celene Gallegos Zavala2

  • 1Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz," Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, México.

The International Journal of Social Psychiatry
|October 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Environmental enrichment (EE) is lower in individuals with depression. Low EE, unemployment, and female gender predict depression, while higher education offers protection. EE influences demographic impacts on depression.

Keywords:
depressioneducationenvironmental enrichmentoccupation

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Behavioral Science
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Environmental enrichment (EE) benefits are known in animal models of depression.
  • Translating EE benefits to humans is challenging due to individual differences and environmental limits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the link between EE and depression.
  • To compare demographic factors and EE levels in individuals with and without depression.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional, comparative retrospective study in Mexico City.
  • 96 controls and 86 individuals with major depression (MD) diagnosed via DSM-5 criteria.
  • Assessed EE using the Environmental Enrichment indicator (EEI) and analyzed data with chi-square, t-tests, and logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with MD showed significantly lower EE levels than controls.
  • Low EE, unemployment, housewife status, and female gender predicted depression.
  • Higher education was associated with decreased depression risk.
  • Low EE mediated the occupation-depression link, and EE modulated demographic impacts.

Conclusions:

  • Female gender and occupation are linked to depression, with low EE being a predictor.
  • Higher education appears to mitigate depression risk.
  • EE levels are crucial in understanding the interplay between demographics and depression.