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A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

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Guessing During Testing is a Person Attribute Not an Instrument Parameter.

Georgios D Sideridis¹, Mohammed Alghamdi²

¹Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Educational and Psychological Measurement

|October 10, 2025

Summary

The novel Two-Parameter Logistic Extension (2PLE) model offers a more accurate way to assess test-takers by modeling guessing as ability-dependent, unlike the traditional three-parameter logistic (3PL) model.

Keywords:

2PL 2PLE extension model 3PL models item-response theory person-guessing estimation

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Area of Science:

Psychometrics
Educational Measurement
Item Response Theory

Background:

The traditional three-parameter logistic (3PL) model in item-response theory (IRT) uses a fixed item-level parameter for guessing.
This approach inaccurately treats guessing as an item property, not an individual's behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the novel Two-Parameter Logistic Extension (2PLE) model as an alternative to the 3PL model.
To compare the 3PL and 2PLE models in terms of ability recovery, predictive fit, and theoretical alignment.

Main Methods:

Monte Carlo simulations were used to compare model performance.
Empirical data from the PIRLS 2021 reading comprehension assessment were analyzed.
Model fit was assessed using the Leave-One-Out Information Criterion (LOOIC) and person-fit statistics.

Main Results:

Both models showed similar root-mean-squared error (RMSE) for ability estimates.
The 2PLE model consistently yielded superior LOOIC values, especially with larger datasets and tests.
2PLE's person-level guessing estimates correlated significantly with established person-fit statistics.

Conclusions:

The 2PLE model offers a more cognitively plausible and statistically robust approach to modeling examinee behavior.
It accurately represents guessing as a function of individual ability.
The 2PLE model enhances the precision of educational assessments.