Decoding fibrotic encapsulation in plastic surgery implants: From biological mechanisms to precision interventions...

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Plastic Surgery
• Wound Healing

Background:

• Fibrous encapsulation around implants is a foreign body reaction (FBR) causing complications like capsular contracture and infection.
• This reaction can lead to implant failure, necessitating removal or replacement, impacting surgical results and patient satisfaction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current understanding of plastic surgery implant-associated capsule formation.
• To systematically examine recent advances in intervention strategies for mitigating fibrotic encapsulation.

Main Methods:

• Literature review summarizing insights into capsule formation pathogenesis.
• Systematic examination of intervention strategies across material modification, pharmacological, bioactive, and adjunctive measures.

Main Results:

• Intervention strategies include implant material surface modification, pharmacological treatments, bioactive therapies, and optimized surgical/postoperative care.
• Emerging technologies, novel biomaterials, and new therapeutic targets show promise for innovative solutions.

Conclusions:

• Significant challenges remain in mechanistic clarity, clinical translation, and personalized treatment approaches.
• Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary integration, precision therapies, and long-term clinical validation for effective prevention and application.