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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria
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Circulating Bacteriophage DNA Distinguishes Staphylococcal Infection From Commensal Colonization.

Robert Manasherob1, Daisuke Furukawa2, Naomi L Haddock3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.

The Journal of Arthroplasty
|October 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasma bacteriophage cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can detect Staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Higher Staphylococcus bacteriophage cfDNA proportions in current and prior PJI patients suggest its potential as a biomarker for monitoring this infection.

Keywords:
PJIbacteriophagecell free DNAdiagnosisperiprosthetic joint Infectionphage

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Bacteriophage sequences in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) aid in diagnosing bacterial sepsis.
  • This study investigates plasma bacteriophage cfDNA as a potential serological biomarker for monitoring Staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if plasma bacteriophage cfDNA can serve as a biomarker for detecting and monitoring Staphylococcal PJI.
  • To compare the proportion of Staphylococcus bacteriophage cfDNA in patients with current PJI, prior PJI, and no PJI.

Main Methods:

  • Bacteriophage sequences were identified in plasma cfDNA from three patient cohorts (current PJI, prior PJI, no PJI) using a computational pipeline.
  • The overall phageome and the proportion of Staphylococcus bacteriophage were analyzed.
  • Diagnostic performance of Staphylococcus bacteriophage presence was evaluated for Staphylococcal PJI.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in overall bacterial cfDNA distribution were observed across cohorts.
  • A significantly higher proportion of Staphylococcus bacteriophage cfDNA was found in current PJI and prior PJI cohorts compared to the no PJI cohort.
  • The presence of Staphylococcus bacteriophage demonstrated 60% sensitivity and 92% specificity for detecting Staphylococcal PJI.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma bacteriophage cfDNA shows promise for detecting and monitoring Staphylococcal PJI.
  • Persistent Staphylococcus bacteriophages in prior PJI cases may indicate subclinical infection or residual microbial DNA.