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Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

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Body Biofluids for Minimally-Invasive Diagnostics: Insights, Challenges, Emerging Technologies, and Clinical

Lanka Tata Rao^1,2, Chandan Kumar Mandal^1,2, Fernando Patolsky^1,2,3

¹School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, 6997801, Israel.

Advanced Healthcare Materials

|October 11, 2025

Summary

Wearable diagnostics are shifting healthcare towards continuous monitoring using body fluids. Interstitial fluid (ISF) shows promise for clinical applications, unlike sweat, enabling real-time personalized diagnostics.

Keywords:

biomarkers body biofluids clinical healthcare medical diagnosis minimal‐invasive non‐invasive wearable sensing platforms

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Analytical Chemistry
Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

Miniaturized wearable technologies are advancing continuous disease monitoring.
Healthcare is transitioning from invasive blood tests to decentralized monitoring using alternative biofluids like sweat, saliva, urine, and interstitial fluid (ISF).
Accessibility and the potential to reflect physiological states make these biofluids promising for diagnostics.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent progress in non- and minimally-invasive diagnostics.
To focus on sweat and ISF as potentially suitable biofluids for continuous monitoring.
To evaluate the clinical utility requirements for biofluids, including quantifiable biomarkers and standardized protocols.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on wearable diagnostics and biofluid analysis.
Comparative analysis of sweat and ISF for diagnostic applications.
Examination of microneedle-based platforms for ISF sampling.

Main Results:

Sweat has limitations for clinical diagnostics due to variability and fluctuating biomarker levels, making it suitable only for non-clinical uses.
Interstitial fluid (ISF) is a robust, plasma-like biofluid that meets clinical requirements for diagnostics.
Minimally-invasive microneedle platforms can readily access ISF, potentially eliminating the need for biofluid extraction and enabling continuous sensing.

Conclusions:

ISF, accessed via microneedle platforms, shows significant potential for clinical diagnostics.
Integration with AI/ML algorithms can lead to real-time, predictive personalized diagnostics.
These innovations pave the way for next-generation diagnostics and transformative healthcare solutions.