Genetic and genomic resources for turfgrasses: status, applications, and prospects

Turfgrasses are integral to urban landscapes, providing social, economic, and ecological benefits. With increasing urbanization, there is a growing demand for turfgrasses that remain visually appealing while being resilient to environmental stresses. In this review, we highlight the current state of genetic and genomic resources for turfgrasses, focusing on advancements in the understanding of genes and pathways associated with traits such as disease resistance, stress tolerance, and environmental adaptability. Additionally, we discuss recent progress in implementing genome editing technologies for turfgrasses and their transformative potential for breeding and functional genomics. We examine progress, challenges, and future prospects in leveraging genomic tools for turfgrass improvement. By synthesizing knowledge from diverse studies, we provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques, discoveries, and innovations shaping the future of turfgrass breeding and management.