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The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization into an M2-Like Phenotype using a Human Monocyte-Like THP-1 Leukemia Cell Line
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Thermally Controlled State Switches for Engineered Macrophages.

Ann Liu1, Abdullah S Farooq1, Mohamad H Abedi1

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|October 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists developed a novel genetic circuit to control engineered macrophages using ultrasound-induced heat. This thermal bioswitch enables precise, localized gene expression in macrophages for advanced cell therapies.

Keywords:
Macrophagegenetic circuitimmunotherapythermal controlultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
  • Immunotherapy and Cellular Therapeutics
  • Genetic Engineering and Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Cellular immunotherapies offer potential treatments for cancer, autoimmune diseases, and heart disease.
  • Controlling the activity of engineered cells is crucial to prevent off-target effects in healthy tissues.
  • Spatial control of cell activation is a key challenge in developing safe and effective cell-based therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and characterize a genetic circuit for spatiotemporal control of macrophage activation.
  • To enable precise activation of engineered macrophages using externally applied thermal stimuli.
  • To investigate the potential of ultrasound-triggered thermal activation for cell-based therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel genetic circuit enabling transcriptional activation of macrophages.
  • Utilized a brief thermal stimulus, delivered via ultrasound, to activate the genetic circuit.
  • Characterized the stability and localization of gene expression (reporters, IL-12 cytokine) in a mouse macrophage cell line in vivo.

Main Results:

  • The designed genetic circuit demonstrated stable transcriptional activation of macrophages following thermal stimulus.
  • Ultrasound-induced heating successfully activated the macrophage bioswitch, leading to localized gene expression.
  • Spatially localized gene expression persisted for at least 14 days post-activation in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • A novel thermal bioswitch provides precise spatial and temporal control over engineered macrophage activity.
  • This technology offers a new mechanism for regulating cell-based therapeutics, enhancing safety and specificity.
  • The developed bioswitch is a promising control element for advanced cellular immunotherapy applications.