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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

4.3K
The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
4.3K
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
4.1K
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
3.7K
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

40.2K
Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
40.2K
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

1.1K
Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

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A Quick Reference on Hypercalcemia.

Valerie J Parker1, Dennis J Chew1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|October 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This article details hypercalcemia, covering its causes, diagnosis, and management. It stresses identifying the root cause for effective treatment and preventing complications from high calcium levels.

Keywords:
AlbuminIonized calciumMalignancyParathyroid hormonePhosphate

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Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

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Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

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Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypercalcemia is an elevated serum calcium level.
  • Serum calcium includes protein-bound and ionized forms; ionized calcium is biologically active.
  • Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to severe neuromuscular and cardiovascular disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of hypercalcemia.
  • To discuss the etiology, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies.
  • To differentiate between parathyroid-dependent and independent causes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common causes: primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, kidney disease, vitamin D toxicity, systemic illnesses.
  • Diagnostic evaluation including serum and ionized calcium measurements.
  • Assessment of underlying conditions and differentiation of calcium regulation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Common causes identified and discussed.
  • Diagnostic criteria and methods outlined.
  • Treatment strategies including addressing primary cause, dietary changes, and surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of hypercalcemia requires accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause.
  • Treatment strategies are tailored to the specific etiology.
  • Careful monitoring is essential to prevent complications associated with hypercalcemia.