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Slug Flow Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Deferiprone as Iron Complex Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents in a

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This study introduces a microfluidic droplet generator for efficient liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of deferiprone (DEF). The method uses color analysis for real-time monitoring, offering a faster and simpler alternative to conventional techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Microfluidics
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Deferiprone (DEF) analysis often relies on complex extraction methods.
  • Microfluidic systems offer potential for miniaturized and efficient chemical processes.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as sustainable alternatives in extraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a microfluidic slug flow liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method for deferiprone (DEF).
  • To utilize Red-Green-Blue (RGB) analysis for real-time monitoring of DEF extraction.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of various deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as eco-friendly extractants.

Main Methods:

  • A T-junction microfluidic droplet generator was employed for slug flow LLE.
  • Six terpene- and fatty-acid-based DESs were investigated as extractants.
  • Red-Green-Blue (RGB) analysis was used to monitor the color change of the deferiprone-iron complex (DEF-Fe).

Main Results:

  • Optimized conditions yielded low limits of detection for DEF (0.7 mg L-1 in water, 3.0 mg L-1 in urine) with good precision (RSDs < 3.16%).
  • A strong correlation (R2 ≥ 0.9901) was established between RGB intensity and DEF concentration in both water and urine.
  • The method achieved high relative recoveries (>91.7%) in pharmaceutical and urine samples.

Conclusions:

  • The developed microfluidic slug flow LLE method provides a rapid, online, and simplified approach for DEF quantification.
  • The use of DESs demonstrates their potential as cost-effective and environmentally friendly extractants.
  • RGB analysis coupled with microfluidics offers a robust platform for real-time monitoring in analytical applications.