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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System
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Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System

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Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in the Transgender Patient: A Scoping Review.

Livia Maria de Souza Santos Hatanaka1, Glaucia Miranda Varella Pereira1, Lucia Alves da Silva Lara2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 101, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-881, Brazil.

International Urogynecology Journal
|October 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Transgender individuals experience high rates of pelvic floor dysfunction, including urinary, anorectal, and sexual issues. Further research is needed to understand these conditions and improve care.

Keywords:
Pelvic floorScoping reviewSexual dysfunctionTransgenderUrinary incontinence

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Sexual Health
  • Transgender Health

Background:

  • Limited pooled data exists on pelvic floor dysfunction in transgender individuals, with or without gender-affirming surgery (GAS).
  • Pelvic floor disorders encompass urinary, anorectal, and sexual dysfunctions, and complications post-GAS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review of existing literature on pelvic floor dysfunction in transgender populations.
  • To identify the prevalence and types of pelvic floor disorders in transgender individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive scoping review was performed following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
  • Searched major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Lilacs) in June 2024.
  • Investigated urinary/anorectal dysfunction, pelvic organ prolapse (POP), sexual dysfunction, and post-GAS complications.

Main Results:

  • Urinary incontinence prevalence ranged from 15.4% to 53%, influenced by age, BMI, and depression.
  • Constipation was the most frequent anorectal complaint (22%-45.6%).
  • Pelvic organ prolapse after neovaginoplasty was 4%-7.5%. Sexual dysfunction rates were high in trans men (54%-87.8%), with desire affected by hormone therapy and lubrication/pain issues in trans women. Common complications included vaginal stenosis (trans women) and urethral strictures/fistulas (trans men).

Conclusions:

  • Pelvic floor dysfunction is highly prevalent in the transgender population.
  • Standardized instruments and pelvic examinations are recommended for future research.
  • Further cohort studies are necessary to better define and manage these conditions.