Next-generation molecular breeding tools to harness higher genetic gains in sugarcane

Next-generation molecular tools with AI integration can accelerate genetic gain in sugarcane by enhancing variation, accuracy, and efficiency, enabling rapid development of high-yielding, high-quality, and climate-resilient varieties. Enhancing genetic gain is essential for sustainable sugar and bioenergy production, especially amid growing global reliance on renewable energy sources. Sugarcane and its byproducts serve as important feedstocks for both first and second-generation biofuels, and face several breeding challenges due to its genetic complexity, extended breeding cycles, and strong environmental interactions. The breeder's equation offers a quantitative framework to accelerate genetic improvement by optimizing four key components: additive genetic variation (σ_a), heritability (h²), selection intensity (i), and breeding cycle length (L). Additive genetic variation can be enhanced through genome-wide exploration, including genome, pan-genome, and super pangenome analyses, gene discovery, characterization, and the induction of novel variations. Precise estimation of heritability in sugarcane can be achieved through the large-scale characterization of germplasm, high-throughput phenotyping, and detailed genotype × environment interaction (G × E) studies. Selection intensity can be increased by expanding population sizes via genotypic, genomic, and in vitro selection, leveraging the law of large numbers, and adopting technologies that provide greater throughput, precision, and cost efficiency. Breeding cycle time can be significantly reduced using tools, such as marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, emerging doubled haploid strategies (though still challenging in polyploid crops like sugarcane), speed breeding, transgenic approaches, and genome editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 (including base and prime editing), TALENs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of each component of the breeder's equation in sugarcane breeding and highlights next-generation molecular strategies and tools aligned to these components. The integration of these advanced tools with artificial intelligence holds immense potential to enhance genetic gain and accelerate the development of high-yielding, high-quality, and climate-resilient sugarcane varieties.