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As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

A Simple Protocol for Mapping the Plant Root System Architecture Traits
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Blockchain-driven smart contract with key exchange protocol for secure device-to-device communication using verkle

A Simbu1, S Nandakumar2, K Saravanan1

  • 1School of Electronic Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.

Scientific Reports
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a secure device-to-device (D2D) communication method using blockchain and Verkle trees. This enhances security for IoT devices, preventing attacks and improving efficiency compared to traditional methods.

Keywords:
BlockchainCommunicationD2DECDHKey exchangeMerkle treeSmart contractVerkle tree

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Cybersecurity

Background:

  • Traditional wireless communication relies on centralized base stations (BS), leading to potential bottlenecks and security vulnerabilities.
  • Device-to-device (D2D) communication offers a decentralized alternative, enhancing efficiency and reducing latency, crucial for 5G and beyond.
  • Existing D2D security protocols face challenges like Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) and replay attacks, necessitating robust solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a secure D2D communication framework utilizing blockchain smart contracts and Verkle trees.
  • To enhance the security of Internet of Things (IoT) device interactions within D2D networks.
  • To demonstrate the advantages of Verkle trees over traditional Merkle trees in terms of proof size for secure data verification.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a D2D-ECDH key exchange protocol integrated with blockchain smart contracts.
  • Utilization of a blockchain Verkle tree data structure for efficient and secure data integrity verification.
  • Simulation of the proposed framework using Python (VS Code) and Solidity (Remix IDE on Ganache).

Main Results:

  • The proposed D2D communication model effectively mitigates security threats such as MITM and replay attacks.
  • The Verkle tree data structure demonstrated a significantly smaller proof size, up to 33 times less than traditional Merkle trees.
  • The integration of blockchain ensures a decentralized and tamper-proof communication environment for IoT devices.

Conclusions:

  • The developed blockchain-based D2D communication system offers a secure and efficient alternative to traditional centralized models.
  • Verkle trees provide a substantial improvement in proof size efficiency for blockchain-based security applications.
  • This research contributes to the advancement of secure and scalable wireless communication for future networks.