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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Blunt force vs. fall-induced head trauma: a systematic review and methodological framework.

Simona Calabrese1, Beatrice Spadaro1, Alessandro Nicolosi1

  • 1Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, Messina, 98125, Italy.

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|October 13, 2025
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Summary

Forensic investigations of blunt force trauma require advanced methods to distinguish between blows and falls. Integrating techniques like micro-computed tomography (µCT) and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) improves accuracy in analyzing injury patterns.

Keywords:
“Blows in blunt head trauma”“Falls”“Forensic pathology”“Hat brim line”“Multidisciplinary approach”“Skull fractures”

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Blunt force trauma evaluation is complex, often involving assaults or falls.
  • Differentiating injury mechanisms is crucial for medico-legal accuracy.
  • Current forensic methods have limitations, necessitating advanced approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review forensic methodologies for distinguishing blunt force trauma mechanisms.
  • To evaluate techniques differentiating blunt head trauma from fall-related injuries.
  • To propose a structured approach for investigating complex trauma cases.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.
  • Analysis of injury patterns, fracture characteristics, and technological advancements.
  • Exploration of imaging modalities (CT scans) and biomechanical modeling.

Main Results:

  • Advanced technologies like micro-computed tomography (µCT), Finite Element Modeling (FEM), and 3D reconstruction offer detailed injury insights.
  • Integration of imaging and biomechanical modeling enhances accuracy in differentiating trauma etiologies.
  • A proposed schematic flowchart for post-mortem activities in forensic practice was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple forensic tools must be integrated for refined investigative procedures.
  • Standardized approaches are essential for analyzing complex trauma cases.
  • Advanced technologies significantly improve the accuracy of differentiating trauma mechanisms.