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Peripheral catecholamine systems: an evolutionary perspective.

David S Goldstein1

  • 1Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
|October 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The evolution of peripheral catecholamine systems, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, reveals distinct roles in organ regulation. Understanding their evolutionary history offers insights into human physiology and disease.

Keywords:
catecholaminedopamineepinephrineevolutionnorepinephrine

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Peripheral systems utilize catecholamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI) for organ regulation.
  • These systems include DA as an autocrine-paracrine factor, NE in the sympathetic noradrenergic system (SNS), and EPI from the adrenal medulla.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the evolutionary perspective of peripheral catecholamine systems.
  • To understand the diverse roles and evolutionary emergence of these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative physiological data analysis.
  • Review of evolutionary emergence of DA, NE, and EPI systems.
  • Discussion of catecholamine receptors, cotransmission, and system interactions.

Main Results:

  • The DA autocrine-paracrine system likely emerged first, followed by the SNS, and most recently the hormonal sympathetic adrenergic system (SAS).
  • Human bipedalism influenced SNS adaptations for blood flow, homeostasis, and temperature control.
  • SAS plays roles in stress responses and sympathoadrenal imbalance.

Conclusions:

  • The evolutionary trajectory of peripheral catecholamine systems provides a framework for understanding human adaptations and aging-associated diseases.
  • Insights into catecholamine system phylogeny can inform Darwinian medicine approaches.