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Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

Published on: July 22, 2022

Wearable disposable electrotherapy.

Mohamad FallahRad¹, Kyle Donnery², Mojtaba Belali Koochesfahani²

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA. Fallahrad.mohamad@gmail.com.

Nature Communications

|October 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel, electronic-free electrotherapy device made from eco-friendly materials. This wearable, disposable technology simplifies treatment delivery for various medical applications.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Electrochemistry

Background:

Conventional electrotherapy devices rely on complex electronics and external power sources, increasing cost and environmental impact.
Existing systems often require user programming and assembly, posing barriers to widespread adoption.
Disposable electrodes are common, but integrated, self-contained electrotherapy platforms are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and validate a novel electrotherapy platform that eliminates the need for electronic components and external power sources.
To develop a cost-effective, environmentally benign, and user-friendly electrotherapy solution using additive manufacturing.
To demonstrate the potential of this technology for diverse applications in bioelectronic medicine.

Main Methods:

Development of a flexible, 3D electrochemical architecture using printed, abundant, and environmentally benign materials.
Validation of the platform's ability to deliver a prescribed electrotherapy dose without external electronics.
Utilizing additive manufacturing for scalable and customizable device production.

Main Results:

Successful design and validation of an electronic-free electrotherapy platform.
Demonstration of a disposable, single-use device activated by body contact.
Tailored electrotherapy dosage regulated by the 3D electrochemical architecture.

Conclusions:

The developed Wearable Disposable Electrotherapy technology represents a significant advancement, simplifying electrotherapy delivery.
This approach minimizes cost and environmental impact through the use of sustainable materials and additive manufacturing.
The technology holds promise for widespread distribution and application in neuromodulation, skin health, wound healing, and transcutaneous drug delivery.