Endometrial cancer: from clinical reality to molecular treatment

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most prevalent gynecological malignancy in developed countries, with incidence rates steadily increasing due to factors such as obesity, aging populations, and changes in reproductive behavior. While mortality rates have remained relatively stable, survival outcomes have improved little in recent years, underscoring the need for advancements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both the clinical and fundamental aspects of EC, aiming to bridge the gap between biological research and clinical practice. On the clinical side, we assess genetic predispositions, hormonal and metabolic risk factors, classification systems, detection methods, treatment options, and their impact on survival and quality of life. From a research perspective, we highlight the models commonly used to study EC, including cell lines and animal models, and delve into the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, a critical driver of tumor progression and a promising therapeutic target. By synthesizing these insights, this review aims to inform future efforts to improve patient outcomes and advance the understanding of EC.