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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase COX/SDH Double-labeling Histochemistry
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HMGB1 and mitochondrial dysfunction: a double-edged sword in ageing.

Maheen Wahid1, Margaret Cunningham1

  • 1Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, UK.

Open Biology
|October 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) may drive mitochondrial dysfunction, a key aspect of ageing. This protein

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and cellular biology.
  • Molecular mechanisms of ageing.

Background:

  • Ageing involves progressive decline across biological systems, characterized by hallmarks like mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction arises from DNA mutations, oxidative stress, altered dynamics, and impaired mitophagy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • To explore HMGB1's dual function in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and promoting inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis.
  • Exploration of HMGB1's interactions with mitochondrial pathways.

Main Results:

  • HMGB1 may influence mitochondrial DNA integrity, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy.
Keywords:
HMGB1ageingmitochondrial dysfunction

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  • HMGB1 exhibits dual roles: protecting mitochondria and promoting inflammatory damage.

    • Conclusions:

    • HMGB1 is a potential contributor to mitochondrial dysfunction in ageing.
    • HMGB1 may link mitochondrial dysfunction to other ageing hallmarks, acting as a central regulator.