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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
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A 15-Min Method for Hydrophone Spatial Averaging Correction in Transcranial Neuromodulation System Characterization.

Keith A Wear1

  • 1Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
|October 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrophone spatial averaging significantly impacts transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS) system characterization. This study provides a simple method to correct for these errors, improving TUS accuracy.

Keywords:
HydrophoneNeuromodulationTranscranialUltrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique.
  • Accurate characterization of TUS systems is crucial for reproducible research and clinical applications.
  • Hydrophone spatial averaging is a recognized potential source of error in acoustic measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the error introduced by hydrophone spatial averaging in TUS system characterization.
  • To provide a practical method for researchers to correct these measurement errors.
  • To emphasize the importance of accounting for spatial averaging in TUS system specifications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 74 TUS system specification sets from 60 peer-reviewed publications.
  • Exclusion of studies using hydrophones larger than the International Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation Safety and Standards Consortium (ITRUSST) recommended maximum.
  • Computation of spatial averaging error correction factors for acoustic intensity.

Main Results:

  • Hydrophone spatial averaging introduces significant errors in TUS system characterization.
  • Correction factors for acoustic intensity were calculated: 1.10 ± 0.07 for human parameters, 1.12 ± 0.14 for animal parameters, and 1.18 ± 0.17 for high-frequency animal parameters.
  • These findings confirm spatial averaging as a consistent source of error.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrophone spatial averaging is a significant and common source of error in TUS system characterization.
  • A straightforward method is presented for researchers to correct these errors using their TUS system specifications.
  • Implementing this correction method enhances the reliability and accuracy of TUS research.