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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

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SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
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Related Experiment Video

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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A Quick Reference on Hypocalcemia.

Valerie J Parker1, Dennis J Chew1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|October 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explains calcium homeostasis, focusing on ionized calcium (iCa) as the key regulated form. It details hypocalcemia causes, diagnosis, and management strategies, emphasizing careful iCa level restoration and monitoring.

Keywords:
AlbuminIonized calciumKidney diseaseParathyroid hormonePhosphateProtein-losing enteropathy

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Calcium homeostasis is critical for physiological functions.
  • Ionized calcium (iCa) represents the biologically active form.
  • Regulation involves parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and other factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss calcium homeostasis and the significance of ionized calcium.
  • To outline causes and clinical signs of hypocalcemia.
  • To describe diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hypocalcemia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on calcium metabolism and homeostasis.
  • Analysis of factors influencing ionized calcium levels.
  • Discussion of diagnostic methods for hypocalcemia.
  • Outline of treatment principles for calcium imbalances.

Main Results:

  • Ionized calcium (iCa) is the primary regulated form, crucial for cellular functions.
  • Hypocalcemia can stem from renal, gastrointestinal, or endocrine disorders.
  • Clinical signs of hypocalcemia vary with severity and onset speed, including neuromuscular excitability and cardiac arrhythmias.
  • Diagnosis requires measuring both serum and ionized calcium levels.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of hypocalcemia involves addressing underlying causes and carefully restoring iCa levels.
  • Close monitoring is essential to prevent overcorrection and associated complications.
  • Understanding calcium homeostasis is vital for veterinary clinical practice.