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Many adults would call 911 for mental health crises, not the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline. Widespread concerns about 988, especially among those with suicidal ideation, may limit its use.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Mental Health Services Research
  • Crisis Intervention

Background:

  • The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline was established as a mental health crisis alternative to 911.
  • Limited data exists on factors influencing 911 vs. 988 utilization for mental health crises, particularly among high-risk groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze individual characteristics linked to calling 911 during mental health crises.
  • To examine awareness, willingness to use, and concerns regarding the 988 Lifeline.
  • To identify barriers to 988 adoption among U.S. adults.

Main Methods:

  • An anonymous online survey of 1,894 U.S. adults (aged 18-50) was conducted in early 2024.
  • Logistic regression models assessed associations between demographics, mental health, stigma, financial stress, and crisis line usage.
  • Outcomes included likelihood of calling 911, 988 awareness, willingness to use 988, and concerns about 988.

Main Results:

  • Over half (53.9%) would call 911 for a mental health crisis; only 22.2% were aware of 988 initially.
  • After information provision, 71.5% were willing to use 988, but 87.1% had concerns.
  • Individuals with suicidal ideation showed lower willingness to use 988. Concerns included law enforcement involvement and potential hospitalization.

Conclusions:

  • Significant barriers, including lack of awareness and prevalent concerns, may hinder 988 Lifeline uptake.
  • Perceived stigma and financial stress correlate with increased concerns about crisis services.
  • Targeted outreach and clear information are crucial to improve 988 utilization and accessibility.