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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Folate receptor β performs an immune checkpoint function in activated macrophages.

Fenghua Zhang¹, Md Yusuf Al-Amin^1,2, Sagar Utturkar³

¹Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology

|October 15, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The folate receptor beta (FRβ) acts as an immune checkpoint, regulating myeloid cell function. Deleting FRβ in mice reduces tumor growth and autoimmune symptoms by enhancing pro-inflammatory responses.

Keywords:

MDSCs (myeloid-derived suppressor cells)cancer immunotherapy folate receptor beta (FRβ, Folr2)immune checkpoint macrophage polarization macrophages tumor microenvironment tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)

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Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

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Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes

Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes

Published on: May 31, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cancer Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Monocytes and macrophages express folate receptor beta (FRβ), a unique immune cell marker.
FRβ binding to folate is regulated by immunosuppressive cytokines, suggesting a potential immune function.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the immune-related function of FRβ.
To determine FRβ's role in autoimmune diseases and tumor immunity.

Main Methods:

Comparison of wild-type (WT) and FRβ knockout (KO) mice.
Analysis of autoimmune symptoms, tumor growth, and immune cell populations in tumors.
Gene expression analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages.
In vitro studies of macrophage-T cell interaction.

Main Results:

FRβ KO mice exhibit autoimmune symptoms (alopecia, dermatitis) and slower tumor growth.
KO tumors show increased CD69+ T cells and decreased PD1+ T cells and PD-L1+ myeloid cells.
FRβ deletion upregulates pro-inflammatory genes and downregulates anti-inflammatory genes in macrophages.
FRβ blockade or deletion impairs macrophage-mediated suppression of T cell activation.

Conclusions:

FRβ functions as an immune checkpoint regulating myeloid cell immunologic properties.
FRβ plays an immunosuppressive role in tumor immunity.
FRβ may have a similar immunosuppressive function in human cancers, correlating inversely with survival.