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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Optically Controlled Phase Transitions in 2D Se Allotropes.

Pingwei Liu1, Dan Liu1,2, Kang Li1

  • 1School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, PR China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|October 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optically controlled phase transitions in 2D ferroelectric selenium (α-Se) enable precise data storage. Laser pulses activate specific phonon modes, inducing polarization reversal and forming a new 2D selenium allotrope (r-Se).

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Optically controlled phase transitions in materials offer advantages for data storage due to high response speed and nonvolatility.
  • Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials are actively researched for advanced electronic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the precise manipulation of phase transitions in 2D ferroelectric α-Se using laser pulses.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of optically induced phase transitions and material transformation.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT) simulations.
  • Analysis of coherent phonon mode activation and momentum scattering.
  • Investigation of nonequilibrium atomic dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Laser pulse application precisely controls phase transitions in 2D ferroelectric α-Se.
  • Optical activation of specific phonon modes (A-1, A-2 at Γ-point) induces polarization reversal.
  • Coherent evolution of phonon modes leads to the formation of a novel 2D selenium allotrope, denoted as r-Se.

Conclusions:

  • Optically triggered coherent phonon dynamics provide a pathway for manipulating ferroelectric polarization.
  • This research reveals a new method for creating novel 2D materials with potential data storage applications.
  • The discovery of r-Se expands the family of 2D selenium allotropes and their potential functionalities.