CTD-PAH: an updated practical approach to screening, diagnosis, and management

Connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-PAH) is a progressive and high-risk subtype of PAH, with outcomes generally worse than those seen in idiopathic PAH. Early recognition and treatment are essential for improving survival, yet early-stage CTD-PAH remains challenging to identify, particularly for non-specialist clinicians. The 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines introduced several key updates that support an earlier diagnosis and more targeted management. These include a revised echocardiographic threshold for pulmonary hypertension probability (tricuspid regurgitation velocity >2.8 m/s), a lowered hemodynamic definition of PAH (mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance >2 WU), and a preference for annual screening using the DETECT algorithm in asymptomatic systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. Additionally, novel therapeutic targets such as the activin/TGF-β pathway have been incorporated into updated treatment algorithms. Although CTD-PAH remains associated with worse outcomes than idiopathic PAH, recent advances in screening, risk assessment, and targeted therapies have begun to improve the trajectory of the disease. Early detection, personalized treatment, and comprehensive care are now key to transforming this high-risk condition into a more manageable one.