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Updated: Jul 28, 2026
Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap
Published on: January 11, 2016
Multicenter retrospective analysis of success and failure patterns in groin flap reconstruction for upper extremity
Saleh Abualhaj1,2,3, Mosleh M Abualhaj4, Shadi Hamouri1
1General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan.
Aim:
This study aims to analyze the success and failure patterns of groin flap procedures performed across multiple healthcare centers in Jordan.
Patients & Methods:
A multicenter retrospective case series was conducted involving patients who underwent groin flap reconstruction for upper extremity soft tissue defects between 2015 and 2024 in Jordan. All cases where the groin flap was used as the primary reconstructive method with at least six months of follow-up were included. Variables analyzed included patient demographics, defect characteristics, surgical details, and postoperative outcomes. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess flap viability over time.
Results:
A total of 89 patients were included, with a flap survival rate of 94.6%. Partial flap necrosis occurred in 5.4% of cases. The 12-month flap survival was 98.9% (95% CI: 96.7%-100%), while 36- and 60-month survival rates were both 94.4% (95% CI: 89.1%-99.9%). Failed flaps were associated with factors such as smoking, diabetes, and prolonged defect ischemia.
Conclusions:
Groin flaps remain a reliable reconstructive option in upper limb injuries, particularly in settings with limited microsurgical resources. This study highlights key predictors of failure and supports the continued role of the groin flap in selected patient populations.
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