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Optically Controlled Bias-Free Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna.

Karam Mudhafar Younus1,2, Khalil Sayidmarie2, Kamel Sultan1

  • 1School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 16, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel bias-free antenna tuning method using a Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) controlled by optical illumination. This technique simplifies antenna design for energy-constrained devices like IoT, enabling tunable resonant frequencies without complex biasing networks.

Keywords:
Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)bias-freemulti-band antennaoptical switchingreconfigurable antenna

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Area of Science:

  • Antenna Engineering
  • Metamaterials and Reconfigurable Antennas
  • Wireless Communication Systems

Background:

  • Conventional antenna tuning relies on DC biasing networks, introducing parasitic effects, losses, and complexity.
  • Energy-constrained platforms like IoT devices require simplified, low-power antenna solutions.
  • Existing tuning methods often involve bulky components and significant power consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a bias-free antenna tuning technique that eliminates conventional DC biasing networks.
  • To demonstrate the use of a Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) for optical control of antenna resonance.
  • To validate the proposed technique on a compact, reconfigurable antenna for IoT applications.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) into the antenna structure for optical modulation.
  • Optical illumination used to alter the LDR's resistance, thereby tuning the antenna's electrical length.
  • Fabrication and testing of a prototype ring monopole antenna with an embedded LDR.

Main Results:

  • The LDR-based antenna achieved tunable tri-band operation through optical control of resistance states.
  • In the high-resistance state, the antenna operated across 2.1-3.1 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, and 5-7 GHz.
  • In the low-resistance state, the lowest band shifted to 1.36-2.35 GHz, with gains up to 5.3 dBi and maintained linear polarization.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed bias-free antenna tuning technique effectively eliminates conventional biasing networks using an LDR and optical control.
  • The design offers a compact, low-cost, and energy-efficient solution suitable for portable wireless devices and IoT nodes.
  • This approach minimizes parasitic effects and routing complexity, paving the way for practical reconfigurable antennas in resource-limited systems.