A Review: Absolute Linear Encoder Measurement Technology

Absolute linear encoders have emerged as a core technical enabler in the fields of high-end manufacturing and precision displacement measurement, owing to their inherent advantages such as the elimination of the need for homing operations and the retention of position data even upon power failure. However, there remains a notable scarcity of comprehensive review materials that can provide systematic guidance for practitioners engaged in the field of absolute linear encoder measurement technology. The present study aims to address this gap by offering a practical reference to professionals in this domain. In this research, we first systematically delineate the three fundamental categories of measurement principles underlying absolute linear encoders. Subsequently, we analyze the evolutionary trajectory of coding technologies, encompassing the design logics and application characteristics of quasi-absolute coding (including non-embedded and embedded variants) as well as absolute coding (covering multi-track and single-track configurations). Furthermore, we summarize the primary error sources that influence measurement accuracy and explore the operational mechanisms of various types of errors. This study clarifies the key technical pathways and existing challenges associated with absolute linear encoders, thereby providing practitioners in relevant fields with a decision-making guide for technology selection and insights into future development directions. Moving forward, efforts should focus on achieving breakthroughs in critical technologies such as high fault-tolerant coding design, integrated manufacturing, and error compensation, so as to advance the development of absolute linear encoders toward higher precision, miniaturization, cost reduction, and enhanced reliability.