The Utility of Angular Velocity During Back Squat to Predict 1RM and Load-Velocity Profiling

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Sports Science
• Strength and Conditioning

Background:

• Linear velocity is standard for estimating one-repetition maximum (1RM) and training intensity.
• Angular velocity, potentially more representative of joint movement, has not been studied for 1RM prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To compare the accuracy of 1RM prediction using angular velocity versus linear velocity from load-velocity profiles (LVPs) in men and women.

Main Methods:

• Fourteen recreationally trained adults (7 males, 7 females) underwent 1RM testing.
• Subjects performed a randomized submaximal squat protocol (30-90% 1RM) on a separate day.
• Linear velocity was measured with a linear position transducer; angular velocity was measured using an accelerometer on the thigh.

Main Results:

• Angular velocity-based 1RM prediction (1RM_angular) showed no significant difference from actual 1RM (p=0.951) with a trivial effect size (d=0.02) and high correlation (r=0.984).
• Linear velocity-based 1RM prediction (1RM_linear) correlated highly (r=0.991) but was significantly different from actual 1RM (p<0.001) with a large effect size (d=1.56).
• 1RM_angular had significantly lower absolute error (6.7 ± 5.3 kg) than 1RM_linear (12.9 ± 8.2 kg). Males exhibited greater absolute error than females regardless of method. Significant gender differences in linear velocity were observed at lower submaximal loads.

Conclusions:

• Angular velocity may offer a more precise 1RM prediction for strength coaches during submaximal back squats compared to linear velocity.
• Neither velocity measure fully meets criteria for high validity in 1RM prediction.
• Observed gender differences in linear velocity at submaximal loads highlight the need for gender-specific considerations in velocity-based training, especially at lighter intensities.