Field Responsive Swelling of Poly(Methacrylic Acid) Hydrogel-Isothermal Kinetic Analysis

Externally governed hydrogel swelling is a highly convenient yet inherently challenging process, as it requires both responsive materials and appropriately tuned external stimuli. In this work, for the first time, the influence of simultaneous action of external physical fields-ultrasound (US) and microwave heating (MW), combined with cooling-on the isothermal swelling kinetics of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) hydrogel was investigated and compared with swelling under conventional thermal heating (TH) under isothermal conditions. Swelling kinetics were monitored over a temperature range of 248-318 K, under simultaneous cooling with either US, MW, or TH. The well-established Peppas model was used to determine swelling kinetics parameters, revealing a significant acceleration in the swelling process under MW (up to 48.8 times at 313 K), as well as different water penetrating mechanisms (non-Fickian diffusion) compared to TH and US (Super-case II). Additionally, it was demonstrated that the swelling conversion curves could be mathematically described using a "shrinking boundary surfaces" model. Isothermal swelling constants and the corresponding kinetic parameters (activation energy E_a and pre-exponential factor ln A) were calculated. The results confirmed that external physical fields significantly influence the thermal activation and swelling behavior of PMAA xerogels, offering insight into field-responsive transport processes in hydrogel networks.