Multi-Technique Flavoromics for Identifying Key Differential Volatile Compounds Underlying Sensory Profiles in Lager...

In this study, inter-brand variations in volatile flavor compound profiles of four lager beers were systematically investigated by integrating sensory evaluation with GC-MS, GC×GC-TOF-MS, and GC-O-MS. A total of 594 volatile compounds were identified, of which 71 with odor activity values (OAV) ≥ 1 were found to contribute directly to aroma expression. Additionally, 59 compounds with taste activity values (TAV) ≥ 1 were identified and may also contribute to taste perception. Furthermore, 53 aroma-active compounds were confirmed through GC-O-MS, providing additional evidence for their sensory contribution. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), correlation analysis, and flavor addition experiments revealed brand-specific differential flavor compounds. Ultimately, twenty key differential flavor compounds, encompassing esters, alcohols, aromatic compounds, acids, lactones, and others, were confirmed to contribute to fruity, floral, burnt, and sweet notes. Phenethyl alcohol, with concentrations varying from 1377.1 mg/L in QD to 3297.5 mg/L in HR, showed a more than 2.4-fold difference across brands and was strongly associated with fruity (r = 0.553) and floral (r = 0.564) aroma. These compounds acted in combination to shape distinct aroma profiles. This study provides a molecular-level basis for understanding lager beer flavor and offers practical guidance for targeted flavor modulation in brewing.