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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

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A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
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Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure01:10

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Accurate blood pressure assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing various health conditions. To ensure the reliability of these measurements, healthcare professionals must adhere to standardized pre-procedural guidelines. These guidelines enhance patient safety and improve the overall quality of healthcare. The following steps are essential for obtaining accurate and consistent blood pressure readings, from using the appropriate tools to ensuring effective communication with the...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

Atherosclerosis III: Management

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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Exploring the Current Tools in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in the Middle East and the Need for Region-Specific

Gamilah Abdulkarem Al-Ezzi1,2, Adliah Mhd Ali1, Mohammed Abdullah Kubas3,4

  • 1Centre for Quality Management of Medicines (QMM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment tools vary across the Middle East. This review found Western tools and some national models are used, but more region-specific research is needed.

Keywords:
CVD risk assessment toolsMiddle East regiongeneral populationprimary preventionscoping review

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of global mortality and disability.
  • Effective primary prevention strategies rely on accurate CVD risk assessment.
  • The landscape of recommended CVD risk assessment tools in the Middle East remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and summarize CVD risk assessment tools recommended for the general population in the Middle East.
  • To review the existing literature on CVD risk prediction in the region.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
  • Searches conducted in Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus databases.
  • Included English-language articles from 2015-2024 focusing on primary CVD prevention in 16 Middle Eastern countries.

Main Results:

  • Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria, covering Cyprus, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, and Egypt.
  • Recommended tools include Western models (e.g., ACC/AHA PCE, SCORE 2, WHO/ISH EMR, QRISK3, PREDICT).
  • Some countries (Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt) are developing national CVD risk tools.

Conclusions:

  • Current research on CVD risk assessment in the Middle East is limited to six countries.
  • A mix of Western and locally developed tools are recommended.
  • Further research is needed to develop or adapt models for country-specific CVD risk factors in the region.