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Microbial biosensors are analytical devices that utilize living microbes to detect specific substances through measurable signals. These devices consist of two main components: biosensing organisms and signal-transducing elements. Biosensing organisms, such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are typically housed in multiwell plates connected to transducers, enabling rapid, real-time detection of target analytes.Signal Generation MechanismWhen a target analyte—such as...
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Spatial Designs on Metamaterial Sensors for Enhancing Signals and Detecting Extracellular Vesicles.

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Summary

This study introduces novel metamaterial plasmonic biosensors using repurposed optical disks for cost-effective, portable extracellular vesicle detection. The innovative design significantly enhances sensitivity for point-of-care diagnostics.

Keywords:
extracellular vesiclesmetamaterial sensorsnanoislandsoptical diskssignal enhancement

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology and Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Biosensors face challenges in analytical performance, fabrication, and cost, limiting their use in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics.
  • Metamaterial-based plasmonic biosensors show promise but are hindered by sensitivity, complexity, and expense.
  • Existing biosensor platforms often lack portability and user-friendliness for field applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly sensitive, cost-effective, and portable metamaterial plasmonic biosensor for extracellular vesicle (EV) detection.
  • To introduce in situ-controlled spatial designs on metamaterial sensors for enhanced analytical performance.
  • To repurpose readily available optical disks as substrates for biosensor fabrication, reducing cost and complexity.

Main Methods:

  • Commercially available optical disks were repurposed as nanostructured substrates for biosensor fabrication.
  • In situ-controlled spatial designs and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) or nanoisland (NI) engineering were employed to create plasmonic hotspots.
  • Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations were used to analyze near-field effects and optimize sensor design.
  • Extracellular vesicles were detected using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and fluorescence-enhanced NTA (fNTA).

Main Results:

  • The repurposed optical disk substrates reduced fabrication cost by up to 260-fold and time by approximately 960-fold compared to e-beam lithography.
  • Engineered plasmonic hotspots significantly enhanced local electric fields and bulk refractive index sensitivity by up to 5.5-fold.
  • The platform demonstrated detection limits of 10^4 particles/μL (NTA), ~330 fg/μL (EV mass), and 138 EVs/μL (fNTA).
  • A compact, palm-sized platform was developed, improving usability and portability.

Conclusions:

  • Repurposing optical disks offers a viable strategy to overcome cost, complexity, and usability barriers in metamaterial biosensor development.
  • The developed spatial designs and plasmonic hotspot engineering provide a highly sensitive and facile platform for extracellular vesicle detection.
  • This approach holds potential for advancing point-of-care diagnostics and other diverse applications requiring sensitive biomarker detection.