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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

$Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening$

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

Exploring the do-it-yourself approach in subjective refraction.

Raquel Salvador-Roger¹, José J Esteve-Taboada¹, Sara Ferrer-Altabás¹

¹Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.

|October 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new do-it-yourself (DIY) subjective refraction method using tunable lenses shows good repeatability for refractive error and visual acuity. This DIY approach offers a repeatable alternative for self-refraction, potentially aiding in underserved areas.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Optometry
Vision Science

Background:

Subjective refraction is crucial for determining precise optical correction.
Traditional methods require trained professionals, limiting access in some regions.
Developing accessible, self-administered refraction techniques is an ongoing area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the precision and accuracy of a novel do-it-yourself (DIY) subjective refraction technique.
To evaluate a DIY method using a manual tunable spherical lens and an adjustable astigmatic lens.

Main Methods:

Sixty-six participants conducted three DIY self-refraction measurements.
A tunable spherical lens and an adjustable astigmatic lens (Stokes lens) were used.
Refractive error, visual acuity, and measurement time were assessed; repeatability and agreement with traditional methods were analyzed.

Main Results:

The DIY method demonstrated good repeatability for refractive error components (M, J0, J45) and visual acuity.
Coefficients of repeatability were ±0.38 D, ±0.21 D, ±0.21 D for refractive error, and ±0.06 logMAR for visual acuity.
Limits of agreement with traditional refraction were within acceptable ranges, though wider than repeatability.

Conclusions:

The DIY subjective refraction technique is a repeatable self-refraction method.
While not a replacement for traditional refraction, it shows potential for specific situations like remote areas or humanitarian efforts.
Further research is needed to refine the technique and explore its full capabilities.