The impact of extracellular vesicles on spermatozoa: Navigating toward fertilization

Reproduction is a complex and highly regulated biological process, underpinned by a range of hormones and unique biological fluids secreted by the reproductive system, including follicular fluid, oviductal fluid, uterine fluid, seminal fluid, amniotic fluid, etc. These fluids not only create an optimal environment by maintaining homeostasis for gamete development and fertilization but also ensure the successful adaptation of the developing embryo to its surrounding environments. Within this intricate network, Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), which are found in reproductive tracts associated biological fluids, have emerged as key players in regulating various reproductive processes. Unlike other micro and macromolecules found in these fluids, EVs are gaining significant attention due to their crucial roles in cellular communication across several biological barriers and their biological compatibility. Therefore, over the past few decades, EVs have emerged as a significant aspect in reproduction-related research, shedding light on underlying physiological mechanisms and harboring potential for clinical applications in fertility diagnosis, treatment, and beyond.