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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity
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Nutrient allocation fuels T cell-mediated immunity.

Joseph Longo1, McLane J Watson1, Kelsey S Williams2

  • 1Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.

Cell Metabolism
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T cell activation relies on metabolic reprogramming, utilizing both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Strategic nutrient allocation fuels optimal T cell proliferation and effector functions, revising the classic model.

Keywords:
T cellsadaptive immunityeffector functionglucoseimmunometabolismnutrient allocation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • T cell activation is linked to metabolic reprogramming.
  • The classic model focused on glucose-driven aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) post-T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation.
  • Recent findings suggest this model is oversimplified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in effector T cell metabolism.
  • To propose a revised model of T cell metabolic reprogramming.
  • To highlight the role of nutrient availability in T cell function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on T cell metabolism.
  • Analysis of nutrient utilization in T cells.
  • In vivo and ex vivo studies of T cell metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Activated T cells utilize both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) concurrently.
  • Diverse nutrient sources are allocated for distinct biosynthetic and bioenergetic purposes.
  • Physiologic nutrient availability impacts glucose allocation for T cell proliferation and effector functions.

Conclusions:

  • A revised model posits that effector T cell metabolism involves strategic nutrient allocation.
  • This strategic allocation is crucial for optimal T cell-mediated immunity.
  • Understanding T cell metabolism is key to enhancing immune responses.