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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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Clinical Approach to Acid-Base Disorders.

Daniel J Fletcher1, Helio Autran de Morais2

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, DCS Box 24, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explains how to analyze blood gas results to understand acid-base disorders in critically ill patients. It offers methods for assessing metabolic and respiratory status in simple and complex cases.

Keywords:
AcidosisAcid–baseAlkalosisQuantitativeStrong ion

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Acid-base disorders are frequent in emergent and critically ill patients.
  • Blood gas analysis is crucial for diagnosing and managing these patients.
  • Understanding acid-base status is vital for effective patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe clinical approaches for acid-base analysis.
  • To provide insight into metabolic and respiratory acid-base status.
  • To aid clinicians in managing simple and complex acid-base disturbances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of traditional acid-base analysis techniques.
  • Description of semi-quantitative acid-base analysis methods.
  • Application of these analyses to blood gas samples.

Main Results:

  • Comprehensive insight into patient acid-base status.
  • Distinguishing between metabolic and respiratory components.
  • Facilitating informed therapeutic decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical acid-base analysis is essential for critically ill patients.
  • Both traditional and semi-quantitative methods offer valuable diagnostic information.
  • Effective management of acid-base disorders improves patient outcomes.