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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

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Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
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Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation02:48

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The ionization-constant expression for a solution of a weak acid can be written as:
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Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
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A Quick Reference on Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis.

Pia M Martiny1, Helio Autran de Morais1

  • 1Deprartment of Clincal Sciences, Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|October 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in small animals involves low blood pH and bicarbonate. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with alkalinizing therapy for severe cases.

Keywords:
Base excess (BE)Bicarbonate (HCO(3)(−))Corrected chloride (Cl(−)(Corr))Hyperchloremic acidosisMetabolic acidosisNormal anion gap (AG) acidosis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Small Animal Internal Medicine
  • Acid-Base Physiology

Background:

  • Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a condition affecting small animals.
  • It is characterized by decreased blood pH and bicarbonate levels.
  • A compensatory increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) is also observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes and clinical manifestations of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in small animals.
  • To outline the management strategies for this condition.
  • To discuss the role of alkalinizing therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in veterinary medicine.
  • Analysis of underlying causes including chloride retention and electrolyte imbalances.
  • Discussion of clinical signs and diagnostic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis results from chloride retention, excessive sodium loss, or excessive chloride gain.
  • Clinical signs are secondary to the primary disease process.
  • Management requires addressing the root cause.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis hinges on identifying and treating the primary disorder.
  • Alkalinizing therapy is reserved for severe or unresponsive cases.
  • Understanding electrolyte and acid-base balance is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.