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Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Doppler Ultrasound Imaging Findings in Kuwaiti Children With Sickle Cell Disease

Adekunle Adekile1, Saad A Asbeutah2, Akram M Asbeutah3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.

Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : JCU
|October 17, 2025
PubMed

Insights

In sickle cell disease (SCD) patients, time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMMV) in the extracranial internal carotid artery (eICA) correlates with age and SCD severity markers. This suggests eICA TAMMV may be a key indicator of vasculopathy in SCD.

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Medicine
  • Hematology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder associated with increased risk of cerebrovascular complications.
  • Vasculopathy, affecting blood vessels, is a significant concern in SCD patients, potentially leading to stroke and other neurological issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the time-averaged mean of the maximum velocity (TAMMV) in both intracranial internal carotid artery (iICA) and extracranial (eICA) segments.
  • To explore the relationship between TAMMV and hematological variables in SCD patients.

Main Methods:

  • Transcranial Doppler Imaging (TCDI) was utilized with phased-array and linear transducers to measure TAMMV in the iICA and eICA.
  • Patients were stratified into age and genotype groups, and blood parameters were analyzed using routine methods.
  • Statistical analyses included ANOVA and linear regression to assess correlations.

Main Results:

  • The study included 59 SCD patients (26 HbSS, 29 HbSβ0, 4 HbSD) with an average age of 10.8 years.
  • Average TAMMV was 72.4 cm/s for iICA and 63.4 cm/s for eICA; no significant differences were observed across genotypes.
  • While iICA TAMMV showed no significant correlation with age or hematological markers, eICA TAMMV demonstrated a significant correlation with age, platelet count, neutrophil count, LDH, and bilirubin (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • A significant correlation exists between age and SCD severity markers with TAMMV in the eICA, but not in the iICA.
  • eICA TAMMV may serve as a more sensitive indicator of vasculopathy in SCD patients compared to iICA TAMMV.
Abstract

Keywords:
external internal carotid arterysickle cell diseasestenosistime‐average mean velocity of the maximum velocitytranscranial Doppler ultrasound

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