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Utility of 3-Dimensional Printed Models for Distal Radius Fracture Classification.

Aine M Gallahue1, Parker Johnsen1, Puvin Dhurairaj1

  • 1Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA.

Hand (New York, N.Y.)
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
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Three-dimensional (3D) printed models slightly improved inter-observer agreement for distal radius fracture classification compared to traditional radiographs. However, overall agreement remained low, suggesting limited current clinical impact for 3D models.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Medical imaging
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Assessing the reliability of 3-dimensional (3D) models versus traditional radiograph imaging for distal radius fracture classification.
  • Evaluating inter- and intraobserver agreement in fracture classification using different imaging modalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the accuracy and reliability of 3D printed models against radiographs for classifying distal radius fractures.
  • To determine if 3D models enhance surgeon agreement in fracture classification.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve distal radius fractures were 3D printed from CT data into resin and filament models.
  • Orthopedic providers classified fractures using 3D models and radiographs based on the AO classification system.
  • Inter- and intraobserver agreement was measured using kappa coefficients and compared between methods.
Keywords:
3D-printingdistal radius fracturesfracture classificationmedical 3D modelingmedical education

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Main Results:

  • 3D printed models demonstrated improved inter-observer agreement compared to radiographs for the 3-level AO classification, though not statistically significant.
  • Significant agreement improvement was noted among orthopedic providers using the 3-level AO classification with 3D models.
  • Agreement levels increased from 'none/slight' with radiographs to 'fair' or 'moderate' with 3D models.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing enhanced inter- and intrasurgeon reliability for distal radius fracture classification over radiographs alone.
  • Overall agreement with either classification method was low, with statistical significance only in subgroup analysis.
  • The current impact of 3D-printed models on clinical practice may be limited despite offering some value.