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Generative Artificial Intelligence for Data Analysis: A Randomised Controlled Trial in a Public Health Research

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Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools like ChatGPT did not significantly impact competence in epidemiological data analysis for students and staff. However, integrated GenAI use shortened task completion times in this randomized controlled trial (RCT).

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Medical Informatics
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is increasingly explored for its potential in scientific research.
  • Assessing the practical application and competence of using GenAI tools in specialized fields like epidemiology is crucial.
  • Understanding the impact of GenAI on data analysis efficiency and accuracy is a key research question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the competence of postgraduate students and academic staff in utilizing GenAI for epidemiological data analysis.
  • To compare the effectiveness of integrated GenAI analysis versus distributed GenAI support in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
  • To measure the impact of GenAI on task performance and completion time in epidemiological data analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with postgraduate students and academic staff.
  • Participants were assigned to either an integrated analysis arm (using ChatGPT's code interpreter) or a distributed analysis arm (using statistical software with ChatGPT support).
  • The primary outcome was the trial task score, with task completion time as a secondary outcome.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant difference was found in mean task scores between the integrated (9.4 ±3.8) and distributed (8.5 ±4.6) analysis arms (p = 0.55).
  • Task completion time was significantly shorter for participants in the integrated analysis arm compared to the distributed analysis arm.
  • Thirty participants submitted results out of 31 randomized.

Conclusions:

  • GenAI tools, such as ChatGPT, show potential in aiding epidemiological data analysis but do not inherently increase analytical competence.
  • Effective integration of GenAI requires balancing its capabilities with human expertise for optimal results.
  • Further research is needed to refine GenAI applications in public health research and training.