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Related Concept Videos

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
Control Volume and System Representations01:16

Control Volume and System Representations

Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
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Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume01:16

Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume

The principle of conservation of mass is a fundamental law in fluid mechanics and is applied using the continuity equation. We apply the concept to a finite control volume to derive the continuity equation.
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Conservation of Mass in Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume01:07

Conservation of Mass in Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume

The principle of conservation of mass is fundamental in fluid dynamics and is crucial for analyzing flow within fixed control volumes, such as pipes or ducts. This principle states that the total mass within a control volume remains constant unless altered by the inflow or outflow of mass through the control surfaces. This results in a vital relationship for steady, incompressible flow where the mass entering a system equals the mass leaving it.
In the case of a sewer pipe, which can be modeled...
Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
Laminar Flow: Problem Solving01:24

Laminar Flow: Problem Solving

Laminar flow occurs when a fluid moves smoothly in parallel layers with minimal mixing and turbulence. In fluid mechanics, ensuring laminar flow within a pipe is essential for precise control of flow characteristics, especially in engineering applications. The key factor in determining whether flow remains laminar is the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity that depends on the fluid's velocity, density, viscosity, and the pipe's diameter. A Reynolds number of 2100 or lower indicates...

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Microfluidic Flow-Focusing for Size-Controlled Formation of Cubosomes.

Celso J O Ferreira1,2,3,4, Margarida Barros1,2, Marco Fornasier4

  • 1INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new microfluidic method precisely controls cubosome size for drug delivery by adjusting flow rates during solvent exchange. This technique offers tunable particle sizes, outperforming traditional bulk methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Cubosomes are advanced lipid-based nanosystems for drug delivery.
  • Controlling cubosome size is crucial for optimizing drug delivery efficacy.
  • Traditional bulk solvent exchange methods lack precise size control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microfluidic hydrodynamic flow-focusing approach for cubosome preparation.
  • To enable tunable control over cubosome particle size via solvent exchange.
  • To investigate the influence of flow rate ratio on cubosome self-assembly kinetics and size.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a cross-shaped microfluidic device for hydrodynamic flow-focusing.
  • Prepared precursor solutions of phytantriol lipid in ethanol.
  • Focused precursor solution with lateral streams of water containing Pluronic F127 stabilizer for controlled solvent exchange and self-assembly.

Main Results:

  • Successfully tuned cubosome sizes from 195 nm down to 125 nm.
  • Demonstrated a monotonic decrease in particle size with increasing flow rate ratio (QR).
  • Achieved low-to-moderate polydispersity indices, with statistically significant trends (p ≤ 0.011).

Conclusions:

  • Microfluidic hydrodynamic flow-focusing offers precise control over cubosome size.
  • This method provides a significant advantage over bulk solvent exchange for tunable nanoparticle preparation.
  • Further apparatus optimization can enhance reproducibility and scalability for advanced drug delivery applications.