[Treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is among the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide, representing a particular oncological challenge due to its frequent diagnosis at an advanced, metastatic stage. Histopathologically, NSCLC is broadly classified into adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. This distinction-along with programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and molecular pathology-guides therapeutic decision-making. At advanced stages, treatment options include not only traditional platinum-based chemotherapy but also immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. Over the past decade, the rapid identification of actionable driver mutations has firmly established targeted therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a cornerstone of treatment, significantly improving the historically poor overall survival.