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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
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Normal and Variant Anatomy of the Cervical Spine

Jennifer Padwal1, Syed Hashmi1

  • 1Department of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Stanford University Medical Center, 453 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
|October 17, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
AnatomyCervical spineCervical vertebraeIntervertebral discsLigamentsParavertebral muscles

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