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Related Concept Videos

What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
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Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
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ATP-Powered Signaling Between Artificial and Living Cells.

Soumya Sethi1, Charu Sharma1,2, Andreas Walther1

  • 1Life-like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Artificial cells deliver DNA signals to living cells using an ATP-driven system. This novel approach targets cancer therapy by selectively delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides, leveraging high ATP levels in tumors.

Keywords:
ATP‐fueled reaction networkATP‐responsive biomaterialsArtificial cell signalingArtificial cell–living cell communicationDissipative reaction network

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Using Synthetic Biology to Engineer Living Cells That Interface with Programmable Materials
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Engineering

Background:

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is crucial for cellular energy and abundant in the tumor microenvironment.
  • The tumor microenvironment's high ATP levels present a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
  • Existing cancer therapies can be limited by delivery mechanisms and specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an artificial cell system for ATP-dissipative delivery of DNA signals to living cells.
  • To engineer DNA signals for targeted intracellular uptake or extracellular instruction via cytokine-ssDNA chimeras.
  • To investigate the system's design, integration, and regulation by ATP concentrations for therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Designed an ATP-driven reaction network within artificial cells to transiently eject DNA signal strands.
  • Developed customized DNA signals, including cytokine-ssDNA chimeras, for specific cellular interactions.
  • Analyzed system components, timer circuits, and artificial cell architecture for efficient DNA delivery.
  • Investigated the impact of varying ATP concentrations on the kinetics of DNA signal release.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated ATP-dissipative delivery of DNA signals from artificial to living cells.
  • Engineered signals capable of triggering intracellular downstream signaling programs upon uptake.
  • Characterized the system's response to different ATP concentrations, enabling tunable DNA release.
  • Validated the potential for selective delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides in a cancer context.

Conclusions:

  • The developed artificial cell system offers a novel platform for targeted DNA signal delivery.
  • This strategy leverages the tumor microenvironment's ATP abundance for selective cancer therapy.
  • The system shows promise for gene therapy, gene silencing, and advanced cancer treatment modalities.