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Frostbite to the upper limb: An updated review and management recommendations
Wyçal Saraoui1, Brahman S Sivakumar2, Alexandra Forli3
1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU de Brest, Brest, France.
Hand Surgery & Rehabilitation
|October 18, 2025
Summary
Effective frostbite management involves rapid rewarming and preventing refreezing. Advanced treatments like thrombolysis and Iloprost, alongside new diagnostic tools, significantly improve patient outcomes for cold-related injuries.
Area of Science:
- Medical Research
- Clinical Practice
- Cold Injury Management
Background:
- Frostbite is a cold-induced injury with increasing incidence due to winter sports.
- New therapeutic approaches are improving frostbite patient management.
- This review covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of frostbite.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current frostbite management recommendations.
- To explore innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for frostbite.
- To provide an overview of recent advancements in frostbite care.
Main Methods:
- Literature review conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar.
- Keywords: "frostbite" AND "management".
- Articles published between 2017 and 2023 were analyzed.
Main Results:
- 56 relevant articles were selected for analysis after screening.
- Current strategies include rewarming, wound care, NSAIDs, thrombolysis, and Iloprost.
- Arteriography, scintigraphy, indocyanine green, and MRI are key diagnostic tools.
Conclusions:
- Significant advancements in frostbite management and understanding of pathophysiology.
- Early rewarming, avoiding refreezing, and specific medications improve outcomes.
- Novel diagnostic techniques and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are areas of ongoing research.
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