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Ge-Doped RuO2 for Stable and Active Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Yan Liu1, Aiqing Cao1, Bo Li1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|October 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Germanium doping in ruthenium dioxide nanoparticles creates a highly active and stable electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic water splitting, crucial for green hydrogen production.

Keywords:
acidic water electrolysishydrogen energyproton exchange membrane water electrolysisruthenium‐based catalysts

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis is key for green hydrogen production.
  • Iridium-free electrocatalysts are needed for efficient and stable oxygen evolution reactions (OER).
  • Sluggish OER kinetics and poor catalyst stability limit current applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an active and stable ruthenium-based electrocatalyst for acidic OER.
  • To investigate the effect of germanium (Ge) doping on rutile RuO2 nanoparticles.
  • To enhance the efficiency and durability of electrocatalysts for water splitting.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of germanium-doped rutile RuO2 nanoparticles (Ge0.1Ru0.9O2).
  • Electrochemical testing including overpotential measurements and long-term stability tests.
  • In situ spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses (ATR-SEIRAS, DEMS) and first-principles calculations.

Main Results:

  • The optimized Ge0.1Ru0.9O2 catalyst showed an ultralow overpotential (161 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and excellent stability (650 h at 100 mA cm-2 with 0.164 mV h-1 decay).
  • Ge doping enhanced structural stability and electronic properties of RuO2.
  • Ge dopants facilitated water dissociation and increased surface hydroxyl group accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • Germanium doping is an effective strategy to design robust and highly active Ru-based electrocatalysts for acidic OER.
  • The study provides insights into non-metallic cation doping and interfacial water dissociation mechanisms.
  • This work advances the development of efficient electrocatalysts for green hydrogen production via water electrolysis.