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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

Published on: August 17, 2019

High-Entropy Amorphous Catalysts for Water Electrolysis: A New Frontier.

Gaihong Wang^1,2, Zhijie Chen³, Jinliang Zhu⁴

¹Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.

Nano-Micro Letters

|October 19, 2025

Summary

High-entropy amorphous catalysts (HEACs) leverage multielement synergy and disorder for superior water splitting. Their unique features enhance electrochemical activity and durability, outperforming crystalline catalysts.

Keywords:

Electrocatalysis High‐entropy amorphous catalysts Multimetallic synergy Structural disorder Water splitting

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Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

High-entropy amorphous catalysts (HEACs) offer unique advantages for water splitting due to multielement synergy and structural disorder.
Their flexible coordination, tunable electronics, and abundant active sites enhance catalytic performance and durability.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in HEACs for hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and overall water splitting.
To highlight the advantages of disorder in HEACs compared to crystalline materials.
To provide mechanistic insights into HEAC performance.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on HEACs for water splitting.
Analysis of catalytic performance benchmarks.
Discussion of mechanistic insights, including multimetallic synergy, amorphization, and in-situ reconstruction.

Main Results:

HEACs demonstrate enhanced electrochemical activity and durability for water splitting.
Disorder-driven features in HEACs provide advantages over crystalline counterparts.
Multimetallic synergy, amorphization, and in-situ reconstruction cooperatively regulate reaction pathways.

Conclusions:

HEACs are promising electrocatalysts for efficient and durable water splitting.
Understanding the interplay of disorder and multielement synergy is crucial for catalyst design.
Rational design of next-generation amorphous high-entropy electrocatalysts can be guided by these insights.