Advances in metal hydroxide-organic frameworks: multifunctional catalysts for energy and environmental applications

Metal hydroxide-organic frameworks (MHOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials with significant potential in energy conversion, storage, and environmental remediation. Their unique structural properties, including tunable porosity, high surface area, and strong metal-ligand interactions, make them promising candidates for a wide range of electrochemical and catalytic applications. However, such a comprehensive review has not been reported to date. This review highlights recent advancements in MHOFs for key reactions such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), water oxidation, CO₂ reduction, and H₂O₂ production. Additionally, their role in osmotic energy harvesting, and nickel-zinc battery technology is explored, demonstrating their impact on sustainable energy solutions. The synergistic interplay between metal hydroxides and organic linkers offers new opportunities for designing next-generation multifunctional materials. This article provides a comprehensive overview of their synthesis, mechanisms, and future prospects in advancing clean energy and environmental sustainability.