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Base structures across lexical and notational numeral modalities.

Stephen Chrisomalis1

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Number systems vary across cultures and expression methods. This study examines how sensory channels, expression mediums, and semantic structures influence numerical representations, comparing word and graphic forms.

Keywords:
basescognitive anthropologylexical numeralsmodalitynumber systemsnumerical notation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics
  • Anthropology

Background:

  • Number systems are represented through diverse modalities integrating sensory channels, expression mediums, and semantic structures.
  • Understanding the interplay of these factors is crucial for comprehending numerical representations.
  • Lexical numerals (number words) and numerical notations (graphic symbols) are the most studied cross-cultural numerical modalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess how sensory channel, medium of expression, and semantic structures jointly influence numerical representations.
  • To compare the constraints and affordances of lexical and numerical notation modalities.
  • To enhance understanding of the range and effects of human numerical expressions.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of lexical numerals and numerical notations across cultures.
  • Examination of features like base-5, sub-bases, irregular bases, and iteration.
  • Analysis of modality-specific constraints on ambiguity avoidance, phrase ordering, and conciseness.

Main Results:

  • Numerical system features vary significantly across cultures and modalities.
  • Differences in numerical systems are rooted in the cognitive integration of channel, medium, and structure.
  • Hybrid expressions (e.g., '1.2 million') demonstrate modality combination.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a deeper understanding of human numerical expression by comparing lexical and graphic modalities.
  • Cognitive factors significantly shape the diversity observed in number systems.
  • Interdisciplinary approaches are vital for a comprehensive understanding of numeration systems.